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THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE

Consider  two point charges (Q1 and Q2) each with equal magnitude but opposite sign

                          Q1 = Q      and      Q2 = -Q       so     Q1 = -Q2

say these two charges are located on the z-axis , and separated by a distance d.

 FIELD DUE TO A CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION 

A Point Charge in an Electric Field

Bismillah..

This sub topic will tell you about what happen to a charged particle (q) when it is in electric field by other stationary or slowly moving charges.

So, this is actually happen to the charged particle. there is an electrostatic force acting on that particles. We can know the electrostatic force by:

F = qE

where:

F : electrostatic force

q : charge of the particle

E : electric field

This equation told us:

The F acting on charged particle located in external E has direction of E if charge q of particle is +ve and has opposite direction if q is 

-ve

• Measuring the elementary charge

Milikan experiment proof that charge is quantized. It is also can determine the effect of charge q

Value of q can always determine using equation :

q = ne

where:

q : charged particle

n : 0, +- 1, +-2, +-3, ... ,

e : elementary charge (1.60 × 10^-19 C)

This is the video that show the Millikan experiment, enjoy it!

To understand the experiment of Millikan’s we would learn how he performed things one by one step taken by him:

1. Initially he uses an atomic sprayer to spray the tiny oil particle in the first chamber.
2. He lets these oil drop falls under the influence of the gravitational field, until they acquire the terminal velocity.
3. Using the terminal velocity as input he calculated the mass of the oil drop.
4. Next he illuminated the second chamber with the X rays and allowed the oil drop to fall freely. Due to the X rays the chamber is illuminated and the air gets ionized. This ionized air comes in contact with the oil drop.
5. The electron on the air particle attaches itself to the oil drop and hence now the oil drop is charged.
6. He then attached the battery to the two electrodes and apply the enough voltage to counter balance the force of gravity.
7. By using the value of the applied uniform electric field, he was able to estimate the charge associated the oil drop.
8. He then repeated the same experiment with different charge density and always finds that the charge of oil drop(s) obtained is the multiple of the 1.59 x 10^-19 C.
9. He then concluded that the charge of the electron is equal to 1.59 x 10^-19 C.

• Electrical breakdown and sparking

If electric field, E exceed its critical value, the air undergoes electrical breakdown,
where electrical breakdown is a process where the field remove electrons from atoms in air
The air then begin to conduct electric current. As they move, they collide with any atoms cause the atoms to emit lights. The path is called sparks.

Electric Field

Electric field is defined as the electric force per unit charge. The direction of the field is taken to be the direction of the force it would exert on a positive test charge. The electric field is radially outward from a positive charge and radially in toward a negative point charge. 

where E= electric field, F= Force in Newton and q=charge in Coulamb

These two charges(positive & negative) produce 

field around it and called an electric field.

1- Positive   (+)

2- Negative  (-)

 Electric Field Unit

Therefore as SI unit of force is Newton and SI unit of the charge is Coulomb. 
Unit of electric field will be N/C.

Electric Field Lines

Hello2!! Everyone...huhu

Okay, for  now...what i'm going to explain for this chapter electric fields is electric field lines...Maybe everybody already knows about this subtopic but certain not know it,...so now i will consider as our readers not know it, because sometimes we know it but already forgot, hehe...So, clear your mind and get ready,...Lets begin...

1.  What is electric field lines?

# As we know, electric field lines visualized the pattern of direction and magnitude of electric field.

# We know that electric field is a vector.. 

#  Therefore, we can represent an electric field with arrows drawn at various points around an object with charge. These electric field lines (sometimes also called lines of force) are drawn below for two simple.

#  Examples:

Notice that the lines are drawn to show the direction of the force, due to the electric field, as it would act on a positive test charge.   

- Also, the closer you get to the charge, the closer the lines are to each other. This symbolizes how the electric field gets stronger as you go closer to the source.

- If you pick a spot further out, you’ll see that the lines are not as dense there… so the field is weaker.

- At positive charges, electric field lines = come out of positive charges.

- At negative charges, electric field lines = go into negative charges.

2. What would it look like if you had these two charges close enough to each other that their field lines could interact?

Figure 1: Attraction.

-What I can tell here is, there is an attraction between these 2 charges,..

-When, the charges is opposite like the figure above, positive and negative, they will attract.

-The arrows go from the positive charge to the negative charge (in exactly the same direction we

would expect a positive test charge to move).

Figure 2: Repulsion.

# How about this figure???

-Ok, what we can see here, there is repulsion between these 2 charges, positive and positive.

# Why???

-It is because, there is the same charges...so if there is negative meets negative, the result is the same

.
Figure 3: Parallel plates with the uniform electric field.

3. Another important example of field lines comes out of the need to sometimes have a constant, uniform electric field.

- As you can see in Figure 3, the field has very different field strengths at different points… it’s irregular.

- That’s because it is made up of only two charges, so the field lines wrap around a lot.

-  If we could get a whole bunch of charges lined up evenly then we could get a more uniform electric field.

-  It is possible to set this up using two plates that are parallel to each other with opposite charges built up on them.

4. The field lines are very uniform all the way, except for a slight curvature at the ends.

- We often ignore this slight curvature, since it is very small as long as the plates have a big surface area and are close together. We just make certain not to do any experiments near the ends.

- We can say that we have a constant electric field between these parallel plates.


Okey, as an explanation as above, I hope it helps you more on understanding about electric field lines.

THANK YOU =D